Science and technology diplomacy, as an interdisciplinary concept, has become one of the key axes in international relations in the last decade, which has the potential to brand countries. This field encompasses topics from political science, sociology, communication sciences, law, psychology, economics, and international relations, and its goal is to identify issues and provide solutions to address research shortcomings, policy-making, and strengthen branding. This study, using a systematic review method, has categorized the research conducted and analyzed the issues raised in each category. The study is applied in terms of purpose and is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in terms of data, and was conducted using data extracted from Iranian publications. The results indicate a variety of theoretical approaches and research methods, including the use of statistical methods and content analysis. The significant growth of articles in this field in the last two decades, especially with the participation of young researchers in various fields, indicates the increasing attention to this issue in the direction of branding. The content analysis of the studies identified five main categories: influential causes, what (nature), why (objectives), how (implementation considerations), and impact (consequences). Despite the progress of the literature in this field, the lack of a unified theoretical framework remains the main challenge in understanding and implementing science and technology diplomacy and branding.